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TCF11/Nrf1 overexpression increases the intracellular glutathione level and can transactivate the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) heavy subunit promoter

Interestingly and in contrast to CHAC1, CHAC2 is not localized to the mitochondria (Ward et al., 2024)

benefit: FDA only looked at risk, ignored benefits Off-label use: Doctors prescribe drugs off-label all the time Patient access: People are suffering and need options Regulatory capture: Big Pharma doesn't want cheap peptides competing The problem with these arguments: It's NOT off-label use Off-label only applies to FDA-approved drugs

On the other hand, the drug bortezomib, a 26S proteasome inhibitor currently used in treatment of multiple myeloma, was found to be effective in reducing brain ischemia size in clinical studies (Shah and Di Napoli, 2007) by increasing ubiquitin expression in the infarct